Jordanian Jerusalem:
Six Day War- soviets “informs” Syria of impending Israeli attack (May 13)- tip off Syria that there is going to be an attack-north east of Palestine.- they surround Israel with Jordan and Egypt.
Egypt amasses troops in Sinai- southwest of Israel
Jordan signs military agreement with Egypt (May 30)
Israeli forces launch pre-emptive strike and reduce Egyptian air force within hours (June 5)
Israeli forces enter the old city June 7- rabbi zvi yehuda kook announces at the wall: “we shall never again move out of here”- wipe out Egyptian airforce and take control of sinia penisela
Moshe daya, (Israeli General) gives control of Haram to muslims- June 17th: jews forbidden to pray on Haram-temple mount
Israeli Knesset formally annexes Old City and east Jerusalem june 28- not interested in taking the holy sites just political area of the city. East belongs to Jordanians- fought and took it.
United nations rejects annexation of Jerusalem- Israelis don’t care and take the whole city
In the process of defending against 4 nations: the Israelis didn’t lose land they took land. Took some of Syria and the Sinai peninsela took the Golan heights- mt hermon- tallest mountain of the area and of the surrounding region.
Intifada- Palestinian uprising begins in 1987 and declare independence in 1988.
1988-1992 First Intifada: Oslo Accords, 1993
1996 temple mount tunnel controversy
2000 present second al aqsa intifada: provoked by ariel sharon’s visit to the al aqsa mosque.
King David Hotel: british mandate, location of Irgun terror bombing in July 22, 1946.
Oslo Accords 1993
The decleration of principles
First face to face meeting and agreement between Isreal and the PLO
Called for the creation of a PNA
Called Israeli withdrawl from gaza strip and west bank- the Israeli have since withdrawn from the gaza strip
Letters of mutual recognition: Israel acknowledged PLO- Arafat as legitimate representatie of Palestinian people, PLO recognized Israel’s right to exist as a state and renounced terrorism
Officially signed at a public ceremony in Washington, DC on Sept 13, 1993.
Up until this point the PLO did not recognize them as a state
PLO
-founded 1964
-considered by he us to be a terrorist org until 1991
-Arafat- chairman untol 2004
-declared state on nov 15 1988
2nd intifada:
Late 90s
Tunnel discovered- went under the temple mount. Provoked by Ariel Sharon- going on top of the temple mount. Israelis have won every one of these armed conflicts.
21st century Jerusalem:
-peace with Egypt and with Jordan and work together against terrorist. Syria and Lebanon do not have peace with Israel.
2000- Israel withdrawls from southern Lebanon
2000 sept- 28 second al aqsa intifada
2001 sept 11 attach results in invasion of Afghanistan Oct 201 and Iraq March 2003
2002- Israel begins construction of West Bank Barrier. Declare own states for both.
This was where I learned in detail how the state of Israel came to be and with what means.
Wednesday, March 16, 2011
20th century Jerusalem
3/8/11
Rise of Zionism prior to the 20th century: from western wall on.
Early jewish Zionism:
-saladin allows the jews to resettle in Jerusalem
-depicted as the new cyrus/ messiah- saladin- allows them to return to Jerusalem
-Islamic leader- saladin
-jews are given the maghribi quarter- jewish quarted
Judah halevi- physicion from spain- fleed-tried to make aliyah to Jerusalem: must risk their lives for zion so the shekinah would return to Jerusalem and the redeption of jews would begin. Jews must return to land of their fathers and risk their lives for zion”- 12th century
-sees Jerusalem as the gate of heaven wherin jews need to stake their rightfull claim
-Maimonedes Rambam: jewish philosopher
-from spain
-doctor and philosopher in morocco and Egypt- rose to prominence in Egypt
Jerusalem= center of jewish people, jewish kingdom and jewish law had to be based on the temple- calls from naichmonedes, halevi and Maimonides to Jerusalem- reentering Jerusalem
-12th century
-the haram must be treated as if the temple still stood there- holiest place for jews
-the divine presence could not be banished from the temple mout.
Drive back to Jerusalem-12th century- still center of Judaism and still needs to be an attraction for that place- jews need to go to Jerusalem and settle there- Zionism
Settlements:
-first after crusaders: naichmonedes
-Spanish expulsions in 15th-16th century leads to immigration to Jerusalem
-shabbeti zevi declares himself messiah and visits Jerusalem
-19th century Europeanization
-1882- marks beginning of secular Zionism- ethnic jews moving to their homeland in the 19th century but they arent religious jews.
Changing demographics:
Crusades: basically just Christians
Mamluk: 2000 muslim, jews and Christians- not im city
-ottoman: period of tolerance- muslim jews Christians- under muslim rule
British rule: increase of jews and mostly jews. Zionism is beginning to take off. Migration of jews toward Jerusalem: Zionism
20th century Jerusalem:
1918-1948: British mandate
Secular Zionism:
-redemption will begin with the jews themselves 1840 yehuda hai alchelair rabbi of sarajevo
-fund to buy up land in Palestine for jews
-orthodox jews are saying if you want to be a real jew you need to live the lifestyle and cant just move to Jerusalem and call yourself a jews. Reject Zionism
-Herzl- calls for a state for Jews writes “the Jewish state”
-argued that the sanctity of Jerusalem played no role
-suggested a Zionism state in Uganda, Africa
-Jerusalem was not important, but a jewish state was imp.
1899- 1st Zionist conference in Basel Switzerland. Called Herzl was called the messiah son of David because anointed person who leads Israel. Zionists decide to build a city and they build tel aviv. Secularism- imp for a jewish state but not necessarily Jerusalem
Anti Semitism and immigration:
-rise of European nationalism- where is the land of the jews? With rise of zionism
Anti semitic pogroms in Islamic world instigated by catholics 1840
Anti semitic pogroms in Russia begins in 1882 jews flee to Palestine
Second aliyah in 1902 as jews flee Russia and eastern Europe
Rise of hitler and anti Semitism: jews rise from 18.9% 1933 to 27.7% 1936- official policies of blaming jews for problems and taking measures to eliminate them
Jews become successful and established and there is a growing resentment towards them
Peel committee 1937- plan 199 partition of country- with a rise of jews in Palestine see conflicts with Arabs in Palestine.
British:
-changed with WWI 1914-1917 the ottomans they align with germany against france and Britain
-Jerusalem headqaurters for VII Turkish corps- there were already Armenians- people that adopted Christianity- persecuted in turkey- called genocide. Result is they flee and a lot go to Jerusalem and go to the Armenian quarter
Armenians flee genocide in turkey, Armenian quarter swells
British use Palestine to break stalemate:
General Allenby conquers Palestine in 1917- wins the war in the east in Palestine for the Brits
bal four declaration 1917 promises a jewish national homeland
-up until this the ottomans controlled the empire
British and French make pact- sykes-picot agreement 1916
-secret agreement
-divided former ottoman empire into areas of control an influence
-French get turkey, no, turkey, Lebanon, Syria
-brits get Palestine, Jordan, so, Iraq and Egypt.
bal four decleration November 2, 1917
-Lloyd george british prime minister appoints Arthur bal four to write a prominent jew- lord Rothschild- the british are going to support jewish Zionist aspiration- the formation of a jewish state in Palestine. The british are telling Rothschild that they are going to look positively on a jewish state- but have to perserve the rights of the non jews
British promise to protect holy places of all faiths
White paper: written by Winston Churchhill- 1922- clarified how Britain viewed the bal four declaration- issued on june 3 1922 after investigation of arab riots. Everything that we said earlier is still intact, just want to clarify. Britain at first did not at first support a jewish national home, but a jewish community in Palestine, but also a Palestinian community. July 1922 partitioned area to west of the Jordan for a jewish settlement, area east of Jordan (76%) was renamed Transjordan and given to Abdullah I. - formed basically the modern state of Jordan white paper also denied that the british had promised the Arabs an independent national government after WWI.
Peel plan- un Partitioning and war of independence- partition Israel and Palestine after end of british mandate peel commission 1937. Suggested in response to violence between Arabs and jews prior to WWII. Factions among jews: Hagganag- revisionist Zionist liberation army, Irgun- radical group that used military territory tactics, and lehi the freedom fighters for Israel- similar factions among the Arabs.
-an early 2 state solution:
Partition of Palestine: jewish state in galilee, upper Jordan valley, and coastal plain. Arab state in central hills, west bank, and Negev. Jerusalem would be an international city- corpus separatum. Approved by u.n. august 1947. United nations general assembly resolution 181 II future government in Palestine, accepted by Zionists, and rejected by Arabs. Fighting breaks out in Jerusalem.
War of independence 1948:
-arab Israeli war
-british leave
-may 1948: 5 arab states invaded the territory of the area of the british mandate
-jews are fighting the british
-british left.
-Arabs all moved in and occupied land and the jews declare the formation of the state of Israel.
-full blown war
-operation kilshon- pitchfork to recapture the area Bevin grand in central Jerusalem
-Jordanian army arrives in may 16
-truce arranged by UN- July
-Israel and Jordan- armistice signed in March 16 1949
-green line created between Israel and Jordanian held west bank- created Israel. And the Jordanian held west bank.- Jordan and Israel won
Winners: Israelis- have a state and the Jordanians- west bank
Centrality of Jerusalem: David Ben Gurion quote
Begin to uphold Jerusalem as the center of the faith and city. Makes west Jerusalem the capital of the city and not tel aviv.
From this I learned where most of the debate between Muslims and Jews came about for Israel.
Rise of Zionism prior to the 20th century: from western wall on.
Early jewish Zionism:
-saladin allows the jews to resettle in Jerusalem
-depicted as the new cyrus/ messiah- saladin- allows them to return to Jerusalem
-Islamic leader- saladin
-jews are given the maghribi quarter- jewish quarted
Judah halevi- physicion from spain- fleed-tried to make aliyah to Jerusalem: must risk their lives for zion so the shekinah would return to Jerusalem and the redeption of jews would begin. Jews must return to land of their fathers and risk their lives for zion”- 12th century
-sees Jerusalem as the gate of heaven wherin jews need to stake their rightfull claim
-Maimonedes Rambam: jewish philosopher
-from spain
-doctor and philosopher in morocco and Egypt- rose to prominence in Egypt
Jerusalem= center of jewish people, jewish kingdom and jewish law had to be based on the temple- calls from naichmonedes, halevi and Maimonides to Jerusalem- reentering Jerusalem
-12th century
-the haram must be treated as if the temple still stood there- holiest place for jews
-the divine presence could not be banished from the temple mout.
Drive back to Jerusalem-12th century- still center of Judaism and still needs to be an attraction for that place- jews need to go to Jerusalem and settle there- Zionism
Settlements:
-first after crusaders: naichmonedes
-Spanish expulsions in 15th-16th century leads to immigration to Jerusalem
-shabbeti zevi declares himself messiah and visits Jerusalem
-19th century Europeanization
-1882- marks beginning of secular Zionism- ethnic jews moving to their homeland in the 19th century but they arent religious jews.
Changing demographics:
Crusades: basically just Christians
Mamluk: 2000 muslim, jews and Christians- not im city
-ottoman: period of tolerance- muslim jews Christians- under muslim rule
British rule: increase of jews and mostly jews. Zionism is beginning to take off. Migration of jews toward Jerusalem: Zionism
20th century Jerusalem:
1918-1948: British mandate
Secular Zionism:
-redemption will begin with the jews themselves 1840 yehuda hai alchelair rabbi of sarajevo
-fund to buy up land in Palestine for jews
-orthodox jews are saying if you want to be a real jew you need to live the lifestyle and cant just move to Jerusalem and call yourself a jews. Reject Zionism
-Herzl- calls for a state for Jews writes “the Jewish state”
-argued that the sanctity of Jerusalem played no role
-suggested a Zionism state in Uganda, Africa
-Jerusalem was not important, but a jewish state was imp.
1899- 1st Zionist conference in Basel Switzerland. Called Herzl was called the messiah son of David because anointed person who leads Israel. Zionists decide to build a city and they build tel aviv. Secularism- imp for a jewish state but not necessarily Jerusalem
Anti Semitism and immigration:
-rise of European nationalism- where is the land of the jews? With rise of zionism
Anti semitic pogroms in Islamic world instigated by catholics 1840
Anti semitic pogroms in Russia begins in 1882 jews flee to Palestine
Second aliyah in 1902 as jews flee Russia and eastern Europe
Rise of hitler and anti Semitism: jews rise from 18.9% 1933 to 27.7% 1936- official policies of blaming jews for problems and taking measures to eliminate them
Jews become successful and established and there is a growing resentment towards them
Peel committee 1937- plan 199 partition of country- with a rise of jews in Palestine see conflicts with Arabs in Palestine.
British:
-changed with WWI 1914-1917 the ottomans they align with germany against france and Britain
-Jerusalem headqaurters for VII Turkish corps- there were already Armenians- people that adopted Christianity- persecuted in turkey- called genocide. Result is they flee and a lot go to Jerusalem and go to the Armenian quarter
Armenians flee genocide in turkey, Armenian quarter swells
British use Palestine to break stalemate:
General Allenby conquers Palestine in 1917- wins the war in the east in Palestine for the Brits
bal four declaration 1917 promises a jewish national homeland
-up until this the ottomans controlled the empire
British and French make pact- sykes-picot agreement 1916
-secret agreement
-divided former ottoman empire into areas of control an influence
-French get turkey, no, turkey, Lebanon, Syria
-brits get Palestine, Jordan, so, Iraq and Egypt.
bal four decleration November 2, 1917
-Lloyd george british prime minister appoints Arthur bal four to write a prominent jew- lord Rothschild- the british are going to support jewish Zionist aspiration- the formation of a jewish state in Palestine. The british are telling Rothschild that they are going to look positively on a jewish state- but have to perserve the rights of the non jews
British promise to protect holy places of all faiths
White paper: written by Winston Churchhill- 1922- clarified how Britain viewed the bal four declaration- issued on june 3 1922 after investigation of arab riots. Everything that we said earlier is still intact, just want to clarify. Britain at first did not at first support a jewish national home, but a jewish community in Palestine, but also a Palestinian community. July 1922 partitioned area to west of the Jordan for a jewish settlement, area east of Jordan (76%) was renamed Transjordan and given to Abdullah I. - formed basically the modern state of Jordan white paper also denied that the british had promised the Arabs an independent national government after WWI.
Peel plan- un Partitioning and war of independence- partition Israel and Palestine after end of british mandate peel commission 1937. Suggested in response to violence between Arabs and jews prior to WWII. Factions among jews: Hagganag- revisionist Zionist liberation army, Irgun- radical group that used military territory tactics, and lehi the freedom fighters for Israel- similar factions among the Arabs.
-an early 2 state solution:
Partition of Palestine: jewish state in galilee, upper Jordan valley, and coastal plain. Arab state in central hills, west bank, and Negev. Jerusalem would be an international city- corpus separatum. Approved by u.n. august 1947. United nations general assembly resolution 181 II future government in Palestine, accepted by Zionists, and rejected by Arabs. Fighting breaks out in Jerusalem.
War of independence 1948:
-arab Israeli war
-british leave
-may 1948: 5 arab states invaded the territory of the area of the british mandate
-jews are fighting the british
-british left.
-Arabs all moved in and occupied land and the jews declare the formation of the state of Israel.
-full blown war
-operation kilshon- pitchfork to recapture the area Bevin grand in central Jerusalem
-Jordanian army arrives in may 16
-truce arranged by UN- July
-Israel and Jordan- armistice signed in March 16 1949
-green line created between Israel and Jordanian held west bank- created Israel. And the Jordanian held west bank.- Jordan and Israel won
Winners: Israelis- have a state and the Jordanians- west bank
Centrality of Jerusalem: David Ben Gurion quote
Begin to uphold Jerusalem as the center of the faith and city. Makes west Jerusalem the capital of the city and not tel aviv.
From this I learned where most of the debate between Muslims and Jews came about for Israel.
Mamluk/Ottoman Jerusalem
Mamluk and Ottoman Jerusalem: will take right up until the 20th century
Up until 1918
Mamluk: 1250-1516
-means owned
-soldier of slave origin who had converted to Islam
-it was a movement of slaves
-Jerusalem becomes a religious center
Ziyara(visit) to Jerusalem: as opposed to a formal pilgrimage to Mecca
30 antologies made in praise of Jerusalem - began during the crusades
Muhammed reportedly said “he who lives in Jerusalem is considered a warrior of the jihad- this eternal struggle of isla
-symbolic purpose of defending Jerusalem
-became powerful movements in Islam
-they even attained the rank of sultan in some cases
-more of a movement and not a dynasty
-politically and militarily Jerusalem is insignificant
-haram is developed under the mamluk- build up the temple mount: building schools, hospices, hostels.
-many buildings built around the haram
1351-1353: suffers from the balck death- the plague in Jerusalem
Mamluk architecture:
-walls built of alternating red and white courses of stone
-a lot of dome structures
-a muwarnas- decorative technique inside domes and above entrances
Al-madrasa al- ahsrafiyya
-Qur’anic school
-called the third jewel after the dome of the rock and the al-aqsa mosque
-built in 1482
-built by sultan al- ashraf qaitbey 1486-96: his reign remarkable for the number of fine buildings erected by him and his emirs
-typical use of domes and of black and white geometric designs- no graven images
Ghawanima Minaret
-on the northwester corner of the haram
-1298 by the chief judge of Jerusalem
-reuse of crusader columns and capitals
-built on the foundations of an Umayyad minaret
-northwest corner of the temple mount
Growing jewish quarter:
-rabbi moses be Nachman (Nachmanides) makes aliyah in 1267 BCE
-he founds ramban synagogue which becomes jewish center
-under muslim rule
-attracts jews coming to study with him
-argues that aliyah is a commandment upon all jews
-develops kabbalah, jewish mysticism: spiritualized Jerusalem, temple symbolized path to god, zion-divine presence- final innermost stage on path to god, kabbalah made spiritual aliyah to god possible. Zion is no longer the physical mountain but in mystic Judaism is in divine presence.
-ramban: from spain, physician and scholar, he was a mystic, one of the first ones to incorporate mystics into Judaism. Kicked out of spain and came to Jerusalem and came during the crusades. First Zionist- one of histories- could call him that- go to Israel and live there- number 33
Ottoman Jerusalem 1516- 1918
-take Constantinople in 1453
- Jerusalem surrenders in 1516
-described as the possessor of the first kiblah- direction of prayer- selim I
-ottoman administration: Turkish ottoman kingdom flourished in 16th century, Jerusalem under strong centralized government
-sultan Suleiman the magnificent 1520-1566: Jerusalem lost of mohammad ali in Egypt in 1831, ottomon rule restored in 1849 and revived in 1869
Suleiman the Magnificent:
1520-1566
-repairs and enlarges aqueducts and sultans pool in 1532
-rebuilds walls of Jerusalem 1536-1541
-extensive campaign to refurbish to the Haram and its monuments- replaces mosaics on exteriors of dome of the rock with Syrian tiles
-return Jerusalem to a city that is protected
-took pride in jerusalem
-rebuilds and renovates the markets, builds the khassaki sultan complext, huge public charity for Jerusalem’s inhabitants, his work in Jerusalem parrallels that at Mecca and Meddina- the 3rd great city of Islam.
-remake powerful center of Islam
-establishes a sharia court- sharia law- law based upon the quran- based upon their text
-jewish refugees encourage to settle in Jerusalem to restore city- 1553 pop 12284 including 1650 jews.
-more jews coming back to the city
Restorations of holy places:
-Suleiman to Abdulhamid II: restorations of the haram coincided with the granting of concessions to foreign rulersa and religious groups abroad and in Jerusalem.
-restoration of all holy places
Ottoman architecture:
-Damascus Gate- facing north towards Damascus*** on test: Jews called it the Schem gate
-largest of the seven gates: Damascus gate
-Jaffa gate and opening in wall
-western wall of old city- actual city wall
-northwester wall of old city- city wall
-st. stepjen’s gate (lions gate)
The western wall
-given to jews by Suleiman as a place of prayer
-begins to attract myth: Suleiman himself cleared the site and purified it
-shoeshine settled there after the destruction of the temple
-gate of heaven situated directly above the wall
-moses yerusahlmi 1685 writes the it is one wall left from the temple
-symbol of the destruction of the temple 9th of ab
-western wall of the retaining structure upon which the temple was built.
I always believed that the western wall was a remaining wall from the temple, it was interesting to learn that it was the outer retaining wall and that Suleiman the Magnificent gave it to the Jewish people.
Up until 1918
Mamluk: 1250-1516
-means owned
-soldier of slave origin who had converted to Islam
-it was a movement of slaves
-Jerusalem becomes a religious center
Ziyara(visit) to Jerusalem: as opposed to a formal pilgrimage to Mecca
30 antologies made in praise of Jerusalem - began during the crusades
Muhammed reportedly said “he who lives in Jerusalem is considered a warrior of the jihad- this eternal struggle of isla
-symbolic purpose of defending Jerusalem
-became powerful movements in Islam
-they even attained the rank of sultan in some cases
-more of a movement and not a dynasty
-politically and militarily Jerusalem is insignificant
-haram is developed under the mamluk- build up the temple mount: building schools, hospices, hostels.
-many buildings built around the haram
1351-1353: suffers from the balck death- the plague in Jerusalem
Mamluk architecture:
-walls built of alternating red and white courses of stone
-a lot of dome structures
-a muwarnas- decorative technique inside domes and above entrances
Al-madrasa al- ahsrafiyya
-Qur’anic school
-called the third jewel after the dome of the rock and the al-aqsa mosque
-built in 1482
-built by sultan al- ashraf qaitbey 1486-96: his reign remarkable for the number of fine buildings erected by him and his emirs
-typical use of domes and of black and white geometric designs- no graven images
Ghawanima Minaret
-on the northwester corner of the haram
-1298 by the chief judge of Jerusalem
-reuse of crusader columns and capitals
-built on the foundations of an Umayyad minaret
-northwest corner of the temple mount
Growing jewish quarter:
-rabbi moses be Nachman (Nachmanides) makes aliyah in 1267 BCE
-he founds ramban synagogue which becomes jewish center
-under muslim rule
-attracts jews coming to study with him
-argues that aliyah is a commandment upon all jews
-develops kabbalah, jewish mysticism: spiritualized Jerusalem, temple symbolized path to god, zion-divine presence- final innermost stage on path to god, kabbalah made spiritual aliyah to god possible. Zion is no longer the physical mountain but in mystic Judaism is in divine presence.
-ramban: from spain, physician and scholar, he was a mystic, one of the first ones to incorporate mystics into Judaism. Kicked out of spain and came to Jerusalem and came during the crusades. First Zionist- one of histories- could call him that- go to Israel and live there- number 33
Ottoman Jerusalem 1516- 1918
-take Constantinople in 1453
- Jerusalem surrenders in 1516
-described as the possessor of the first kiblah- direction of prayer- selim I
-ottoman administration: Turkish ottoman kingdom flourished in 16th century, Jerusalem under strong centralized government
-sultan Suleiman the magnificent 1520-1566: Jerusalem lost of mohammad ali in Egypt in 1831, ottomon rule restored in 1849 and revived in 1869
Suleiman the Magnificent:
1520-1566
-repairs and enlarges aqueducts and sultans pool in 1532
-rebuilds walls of Jerusalem 1536-1541
-extensive campaign to refurbish to the Haram and its monuments- replaces mosaics on exteriors of dome of the rock with Syrian tiles
-return Jerusalem to a city that is protected
-took pride in jerusalem
-rebuilds and renovates the markets, builds the khassaki sultan complext, huge public charity for Jerusalem’s inhabitants, his work in Jerusalem parrallels that at Mecca and Meddina- the 3rd great city of Islam.
-remake powerful center of Islam
-establishes a sharia court- sharia law- law based upon the quran- based upon their text
-jewish refugees encourage to settle in Jerusalem to restore city- 1553 pop 12284 including 1650 jews.
-more jews coming back to the city
Restorations of holy places:
-Suleiman to Abdulhamid II: restorations of the haram coincided with the granting of concessions to foreign rulersa and religious groups abroad and in Jerusalem.
-restoration of all holy places
Ottoman architecture:
-Damascus Gate- facing north towards Damascus*** on test: Jews called it the Schem gate
-largest of the seven gates: Damascus gate
-Jaffa gate and opening in wall
-western wall of old city- actual city wall
-northwester wall of old city- city wall
-st. stepjen’s gate (lions gate)
The western wall
-given to jews by Suleiman as a place of prayer
-begins to attract myth: Suleiman himself cleared the site and purified it
-shoeshine settled there after the destruction of the temple
-gate of heaven situated directly above the wall
-moses yerusahlmi 1685 writes the it is one wall left from the temple
-symbol of the destruction of the temple 9th of ab
-western wall of the retaining structure upon which the temple was built.
I always believed that the western wall was a remaining wall from the temple, it was interesting to learn that it was the outer retaining wall and that Suleiman the Magnificent gave it to the Jewish people.
Islamic Jerusalem continued
2/24/11
Islamic Jerusalem
-7th century and take Jerusalem and are in control of it during this time
638 CE-1099 CE( coming of the crusaders to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims.
Caliph takes over Jerusalem in 638 CE. Damascus is to the north
Rule out of Baghdad- traditional Babylon the Abbasids
After the rise of Israel seeing different dynasties spreading out all over the middle east.
End of Byzantine Jerusalem
-sasanians take Palestine and Jerusalem in 614-628 CE- known as Iran. Last prismatic Persian empire. Before the rise of Islam. Took over for the Partheians. Eastern conquest by the descendants of the Persians. Takes all of Iran, Afghanistan, Georgia- big empire to the east and the romans maintained control in the west. And the center was Jerusalem.
-615 Christian pogroms against Jerusalem- the Byzantine Christians
-614: Persians let the Jews come back it was the Byzantine Christians that did not allow the Jews to come into the land.
-628- Byzantine emperor Heraclius retakes Jerusalem and allows massacres of Jews in Jerusalem
-New religion:
-after Muhammad
-leaves no heir: receives revelation and leaves no heir
-caliphs( delegates or representatives) are established to lead the Islamic community.
-Ahu Bakr(closest friend)- 1st caliph
-Umar (companion)- 2nd caliph
-Uthman- 3rd caliph
After this point that we see the first division in Islam:
-Ali(Muhammad’s son-in-law)- caliph
-Mu’awiya (Uthman’s cousin)- caliph
-some muslims follow ali and others follow Mu’awiya
Sectarian Division:
-Shi’atu Ali : supporters of Ali- faction of Ali- become Shi’ites- kinship-based caliphate (15% muslims today)
-supporters of Mu’awiya formed the people of tradition and the community= tradition based caliphate= Sunnis (85% of muslims today)
-out of respect people depict the prophet.
-same as saying the name of the Hebrew God.
-he could no longer read or write (the tradition)
-the caliphs are established to lead the community
Caliph Umar takes over Jerusalem in 638 the 2nd caliph:
-does not allow Jewish settlement- due to the agreement he made with the Christians
-he later allowed the Jews to settle in the city and they later grew
-the most dominant Shi’ite country on earth is Iran. Iraq is mainly Sunnis.
-Christians were keeping the Jews out of Jerusalem, not the Muslims.
Islamic terms for Jerusalem:
-muslims first retain the term Aelia from Hadrian
-Aelia- the city of the temple
-Bait Maqdis: the house of the holy place/ or the city of the holy house
-10th century Bait Maqdis was shortened to al-Quds- the holy
-al quds the holy first appears on coins minted in 832 CE
-Haram al- Sharif- the noble sanctuary used for the temple mount- Herod’s
-dome of the rock
-al- aqsa mosque- the fartheset
Jerusalem in Islam:
-qibla- general direction of prayer- towards Mecca
-Mihrah- niche pointing the direction of Prayer- towards Mecca.
Qur’an 2:144: turn your face toward the Inviolable place of worship, and you (o muslims), wherever you may be, turn your faces (when you pray) toward it.
1Kings 8:35-36= they prayed towards this place, prayed towards Jerusalem: Jews
-tradition that was always in place for praying
622 arrival in Medina- Muhammad- praying direction changes towards Mecca
The Kaaba in Mecca:
-when Muslims pray toward Mecca they pray specifically towards the Kaaba- the center- in the city of Mecca. Big stone box with a curtain over it. Eastern corner of the Kaaba is the black corner where the black stone lays- all traditions that were absorbed in Jerusalem will come towards the Kaaba. According to the Qu’ran: the Kaaba was rebuild by Abraham and his son Ishmael- and the black stone comes down- this must be a place of sacred space. The new center of Islam. Most sacred site in all of Islam the 2nd being Medina and 3rd Jerusalem. Used to contain 100s of idols- pre islam- used to be a pagan shrine- idols for Jesus and for mary. Islam incorporates Judaism and Christianity into it. At the time of Muhammad his tribe, was in charge of the Kaaba in Mecca and Muhammad claimed that shrine for Islam and he threw out all of the idols and said only one god. And his own tribe persecuted him and harassed him because he was changing the tradition. He emmigrated to Medina in 622. Because 2nd most important place. Muslims do not worship the Kaaba- it is like a focul point for prayer.
-originally in Islam the direction of prayer before Mecca was Jerusalem
5 pillars of Islam:
-Shahada- testimony of witness in which one recites the Muslim professon of faith “ there is no god but allah and Muhammad is his messanger.
And more…..
Ramadan- the month in which the Qu’ran was 1st revealed to Muhammad
-pilgrimage towards Mecca- the Hajj- because a lot of what goes on in Jerusalem is trying to take advantage of this
-Jihad- became part of the list later.
Jerusalem:
-when a Muslim goes on a Hajj they paint bright colors on their door. And if you rob someone while on their Hajj it is like triple sin.
Umayyad Dynasty:
-the purpost of Abd-al-Malik: to provide an alternate sight to the Hajj.
-continuing pilgrimage tradition allowed for Jews and Christians in Jerusalem
Haram-al-Sharif: noble sanctuary: the dome of the rock stands where Solomon’s temple used to sit. Dome of the chain and the al-aqsa mosque. Solomon’s stable- under gurtting. Look at from south. Golden gate- the gate which was walled up.
Dome of the rock:
-golden dome
-no graven images
-decorations don’t have pictures of animals or humans they have geometric designs
-comes from this is geometric designs and the other is calligraphy- the words of Arabic. And the script goes all the way around the top.
-aka the mosque of Omar
-abd-al-malik- 687 CE- completed in 691 CE- built the dome of the rock. Financed with tax revenues of Egypt. Finished the construction project under budget.
Jewish calendar based on the beginning of the earth
-Islam calendar- from point of when Muhammad rose.
Significance of dome of the rock:
-Ishmael is being sacrificed here
In the Hebrew bible in the book of genesis see god blessing Ishmael and his descendants
-muslims have a big problem with anyone being god but god- they call Jesus a prophet not god.
Dome of the rock inscription: refer to Jews and Christians as people of the book. The Messiah- Jesus son of Mary was only a messenger of God. They are taking issue that Christians would say that God is more than God. Begin to see negative dialogue of taking over this shrine that was dear to the Jews- saying were going to build a shrine on it and put our stuff on it.
Dome of the rock becomes the mount moriah
Isra and Mi’raj Qur’an 17:1
-“to the farthest mosque”
-Muhammad and he is riding a winged horse- depicted with the head of the human- like the lamasu and cherubims. The protectors of the divine realm known as Al-Buraq
-magical beast
-tradition is that Muhammad gets on and is immediately taken to the farthest mosque- and later becomes identified as Jerusalem.
Dome of the chain
-place of judgemen
-geometric center of the Haram esh-Sharif- the temple mount
-axis mundi
-chain- pillar between heaven and earth
Rebuilt in 11 Century CE
It was interesting learning about the different Islam dynasties and how the different sects came to be.
Islamic Jerusalem
-7th century and take Jerusalem and are in control of it during this time
638 CE-1099 CE( coming of the crusaders to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims.
Caliph takes over Jerusalem in 638 CE. Damascus is to the north
Rule out of Baghdad- traditional Babylon the Abbasids
After the rise of Israel seeing different dynasties spreading out all over the middle east.
End of Byzantine Jerusalem
-sasanians take Palestine and Jerusalem in 614-628 CE- known as Iran. Last prismatic Persian empire. Before the rise of Islam. Took over for the Partheians. Eastern conquest by the descendants of the Persians. Takes all of Iran, Afghanistan, Georgia- big empire to the east and the romans maintained control in the west. And the center was Jerusalem.
-615 Christian pogroms against Jerusalem- the Byzantine Christians
-614: Persians let the Jews come back it was the Byzantine Christians that did not allow the Jews to come into the land.
-628- Byzantine emperor Heraclius retakes Jerusalem and allows massacres of Jews in Jerusalem
-New religion:
-after Muhammad
-leaves no heir: receives revelation and leaves no heir
-caliphs( delegates or representatives) are established to lead the Islamic community.
-Ahu Bakr(closest friend)- 1st caliph
-Umar (companion)- 2nd caliph
-Uthman- 3rd caliph
After this point that we see the first division in Islam:
-Ali(Muhammad’s son-in-law)- caliph
-Mu’awiya (Uthman’s cousin)- caliph
-some muslims follow ali and others follow Mu’awiya
Sectarian Division:
-Shi’atu Ali : supporters of Ali- faction of Ali- become Shi’ites- kinship-based caliphate (15% muslims today)
-supporters of Mu’awiya formed the people of tradition and the community= tradition based caliphate= Sunnis (85% of muslims today)
-out of respect people depict the prophet.
-same as saying the name of the Hebrew God.
-he could no longer read or write (the tradition)
-the caliphs are established to lead the community
Caliph Umar takes over Jerusalem in 638 the 2nd caliph:
-does not allow Jewish settlement- due to the agreement he made with the Christians
-he later allowed the Jews to settle in the city and they later grew
-the most dominant Shi’ite country on earth is Iran. Iraq is mainly Sunnis.
-Christians were keeping the Jews out of Jerusalem, not the Muslims.
Islamic terms for Jerusalem:
-muslims first retain the term Aelia from Hadrian
-Aelia- the city of the temple
-Bait Maqdis: the house of the holy place/ or the city of the holy house
-10th century Bait Maqdis was shortened to al-Quds- the holy
-al quds the holy first appears on coins minted in 832 CE
-Haram al- Sharif- the noble sanctuary used for the temple mount- Herod’s
-dome of the rock
-al- aqsa mosque- the fartheset
Jerusalem in Islam:
-qibla- general direction of prayer- towards Mecca
-Mihrah- niche pointing the direction of Prayer- towards Mecca.
Qur’an 2:144: turn your face toward the Inviolable place of worship, and you (o muslims), wherever you may be, turn your faces (when you pray) toward it.
1Kings 8:35-36= they prayed towards this place, prayed towards Jerusalem: Jews
-tradition that was always in place for praying
622 arrival in Medina- Muhammad- praying direction changes towards Mecca
The Kaaba in Mecca:
-when Muslims pray toward Mecca they pray specifically towards the Kaaba- the center- in the city of Mecca. Big stone box with a curtain over it. Eastern corner of the Kaaba is the black corner where the black stone lays- all traditions that were absorbed in Jerusalem will come towards the Kaaba. According to the Qu’ran: the Kaaba was rebuild by Abraham and his son Ishmael- and the black stone comes down- this must be a place of sacred space. The new center of Islam. Most sacred site in all of Islam the 2nd being Medina and 3rd Jerusalem. Used to contain 100s of idols- pre islam- used to be a pagan shrine- idols for Jesus and for mary. Islam incorporates Judaism and Christianity into it. At the time of Muhammad his tribe, was in charge of the Kaaba in Mecca and Muhammad claimed that shrine for Islam and he threw out all of the idols and said only one god. And his own tribe persecuted him and harassed him because he was changing the tradition. He emmigrated to Medina in 622. Because 2nd most important place. Muslims do not worship the Kaaba- it is like a focul point for prayer.
-originally in Islam the direction of prayer before Mecca was Jerusalem
5 pillars of Islam:
-Shahada- testimony of witness in which one recites the Muslim professon of faith “ there is no god but allah and Muhammad is his messanger.
And more…..
Ramadan- the month in which the Qu’ran was 1st revealed to Muhammad
-pilgrimage towards Mecca- the Hajj- because a lot of what goes on in Jerusalem is trying to take advantage of this
-Jihad- became part of the list later.
Jerusalem:
-when a Muslim goes on a Hajj they paint bright colors on their door. And if you rob someone while on their Hajj it is like triple sin.
Umayyad Dynasty:
-the purpost of Abd-al-Malik: to provide an alternate sight to the Hajj.
-continuing pilgrimage tradition allowed for Jews and Christians in Jerusalem
Haram-al-Sharif: noble sanctuary: the dome of the rock stands where Solomon’s temple used to sit. Dome of the chain and the al-aqsa mosque. Solomon’s stable- under gurtting. Look at from south. Golden gate- the gate which was walled up.
Dome of the rock:
-golden dome
-no graven images
-decorations don’t have pictures of animals or humans they have geometric designs
-comes from this is geometric designs and the other is calligraphy- the words of Arabic. And the script goes all the way around the top.
-aka the mosque of Omar
-abd-al-malik- 687 CE- completed in 691 CE- built the dome of the rock. Financed with tax revenues of Egypt. Finished the construction project under budget.
Jewish calendar based on the beginning of the earth
-Islam calendar- from point of when Muhammad rose.
Significance of dome of the rock:
-Ishmael is being sacrificed here
In the Hebrew bible in the book of genesis see god blessing Ishmael and his descendants
-muslims have a big problem with anyone being god but god- they call Jesus a prophet not god.
Dome of the rock inscription: refer to Jews and Christians as people of the book. The Messiah- Jesus son of Mary was only a messenger of God. They are taking issue that Christians would say that God is more than God. Begin to see negative dialogue of taking over this shrine that was dear to the Jews- saying were going to build a shrine on it and put our stuff on it.
Dome of the rock becomes the mount moriah
Isra and Mi’raj Qur’an 17:1
-“to the farthest mosque”
-Muhammad and he is riding a winged horse- depicted with the head of the human- like the lamasu and cherubims. The protectors of the divine realm known as Al-Buraq
-magical beast
-tradition is that Muhammad gets on and is immediately taken to the farthest mosque- and later becomes identified as Jerusalem.
Dome of the chain
-place of judgemen
-geometric center of the Haram esh-Sharif- the temple mount
-axis mundi
-chain- pillar between heaven and earth
Rebuilt in 11 Century CE
It was interesting learning about the different Islam dynasties and how the different sects came to be.
Crusader Jerusalem
Crusader Jerusalem:
From 1099-1187 BCE. From the divisions of Christianity. A Crusade is “an expedition authorized by the Pope on Christ’s behalf.” An Indulgence is remission of the penalties due for sins that was granted to crusades. This happens by preaching, funding, collecting money for one and more. The 1st crusade did not achieve their goal and reach Jerusalem. This was mainly because the crusaders were poor peasants that did not have the supplies necessary to make the full journey.
The siege of Jerusalem was when the crusaders were successful. They had a holy war mentality, they believed that they were conquering Jerusalem for their faith, Christianity. 1099 was the transfer of power from Islam to Christianity. They divided Jerusalem into quarters. The Patriarch’s quarter, Syrian quarter, Armenian quarter, and the templar’s quarter. They modified the dome of the cross and added a cross to it. They rebuilt the church of the holy sepulcher, and church of st. Mary.
Templars were knights. They served as protectors of the pilgrims making their way to Jerusalem. They were founded in 1118. The Battle of Hatin led to the end of the Crusaders and again the reign of Islam.
This was interesting because I always would hear about the crusades but I never really knew what they did and accomplished until this lecture.
From 1099-1187 BCE. From the divisions of Christianity. A Crusade is “an expedition authorized by the Pope on Christ’s behalf.” An Indulgence is remission of the penalties due for sins that was granted to crusades. This happens by preaching, funding, collecting money for one and more. The 1st crusade did not achieve their goal and reach Jerusalem. This was mainly because the crusaders were poor peasants that did not have the supplies necessary to make the full journey.
The siege of Jerusalem was when the crusaders were successful. They had a holy war mentality, they believed that they were conquering Jerusalem for their faith, Christianity. 1099 was the transfer of power from Islam to Christianity. They divided Jerusalem into quarters. The Patriarch’s quarter, Syrian quarter, Armenian quarter, and the templar’s quarter. They modified the dome of the cross and added a cross to it. They rebuilt the church of the holy sepulcher, and church of st. Mary.
Templars were knights. They served as protectors of the pilgrims making their way to Jerusalem. They were founded in 1118. The Battle of Hatin led to the end of the Crusaders and again the reign of Islam.
This was interesting because I always would hear about the crusades but I never really knew what they did and accomplished until this lecture.
Islamic Jerusalem
Islamic Jerusalem continued:
The Abbasid dynasty takes over and they try to wipe away the memory of the Umayidds. Abbasid Caliph tried to take credit for the dome of the rock. Islam does not like that the Christians say there are three Gods, they have a problem with this. They refer to Judaism and Christianity the people of the book.
Muhammad al- Sanhaji, governor of Jerusalem kills John the Patriarch in 965 BCE. The Fatimids rule out of Egypt. They rule from 969-1099. Population of Jerusalem increases during the crusades but there is a small minority of Islam. Near the end of the Fatimid rule they appoint Christian and Jewish governors. The Byzantine army tries to recapture Jerusalem. In 1009 Caliph al Hakim orders the people to destroy all Jewish and Christian houses of prayer.
From 1070- 1098 the Seljuqs occupy Jerusalem. They destroyed a lot of the city. They used to be a part of the Fatimids, but they separated. Fatimids later retake Jerusalem from them.
Saladin conquers Jerusalem in 1187. He lets people leave if they want to, but if they stayed they had to follow his rule. He gave the Church of the Holy Sepulcher to the Greek Orthodox Church. He allows Jews to settle in Jerusalem again. The Jews that settle in Jerusalem are mostly from Ashkelon and they settled in the Jerusalem quarter also known as the Maghribi quarter. Mamluk was from 1250-1516. They were slaves that had converted to Muslim. They were a movement. They built up the temple mount and built schools and cities. Al-Madrasa al- Ahsrafiyya: this was a Qur’anic school. It was called the third jewel after the dome of the rock and the al-Aqsa mosque and built in 1482. It was built by sultan al- Ashraf qaitbey 1486-96.
The Jewish quarter was growing. Rabbi Moses ben Nachman makes Aliyah to Jerusalem in 1257 BCE. He founds the Ramban synagogue which becomes the center of the Jewish quarter. He attracts Jews to Jerusalem by getting them to study with him. He claims that making aliyah is a commandment that all Jews have to follow. He develops kabbalah and Jewish mysticism. He made Jerusalem a spiritual center. He was histories first Zionist.
Ottoman Jerusalem is from 1516-1918. This was the Turkish ottoman kingdom. Suleiman the Magnificent, the Sultan ruled from 1520- 1566. He rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem. Rebuilds a lot of Jerusalem, the markets and more. He makes Jerusalem a center for Islam. During this period, there are more Jews coming to settle in Jerusalem. He restores holy cites. He gave the western wall to the Jews, and it gains myth. Some myths include that the gate of heaven is above the western wall, and that it is the remaining wall from the temple.
The Abbasid dynasty takes over and they try to wipe away the memory of the Umayidds. Abbasid Caliph tried to take credit for the dome of the rock. Islam does not like that the Christians say there are three Gods, they have a problem with this. They refer to Judaism and Christianity the people of the book.
Muhammad al- Sanhaji, governor of Jerusalem kills John the Patriarch in 965 BCE. The Fatimids rule out of Egypt. They rule from 969-1099. Population of Jerusalem increases during the crusades but there is a small minority of Islam. Near the end of the Fatimid rule they appoint Christian and Jewish governors. The Byzantine army tries to recapture Jerusalem. In 1009 Caliph al Hakim orders the people to destroy all Jewish and Christian houses of prayer.
From 1070- 1098 the Seljuqs occupy Jerusalem. They destroyed a lot of the city. They used to be a part of the Fatimids, but they separated. Fatimids later retake Jerusalem from them.
Saladin conquers Jerusalem in 1187. He lets people leave if they want to, but if they stayed they had to follow his rule. He gave the Church of the Holy Sepulcher to the Greek Orthodox Church. He allows Jews to settle in Jerusalem again. The Jews that settle in Jerusalem are mostly from Ashkelon and they settled in the Jerusalem quarter also known as the Maghribi quarter. Mamluk was from 1250-1516. They were slaves that had converted to Muslim. They were a movement. They built up the temple mount and built schools and cities. Al-Madrasa al- Ahsrafiyya: this was a Qur’anic school. It was called the third jewel after the dome of the rock and the al-Aqsa mosque and built in 1482. It was built by sultan al- Ashraf qaitbey 1486-96.
The Jewish quarter was growing. Rabbi Moses ben Nachman makes Aliyah to Jerusalem in 1257 BCE. He founds the Ramban synagogue which becomes the center of the Jewish quarter. He attracts Jews to Jerusalem by getting them to study with him. He claims that making aliyah is a commandment that all Jews have to follow. He develops kabbalah and Jewish mysticism. He made Jerusalem a spiritual center. He was histories first Zionist.
Ottoman Jerusalem is from 1516-1918. This was the Turkish ottoman kingdom. Suleiman the Magnificent, the Sultan ruled from 1520- 1566. He rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem. Rebuilds a lot of Jerusalem, the markets and more. He makes Jerusalem a center for Islam. During this period, there are more Jews coming to settle in Jerusalem. He restores holy cites. He gave the western wall to the Jews, and it gains myth. Some myths include that the gate of heaven is above the western wall, and that it is the remaining wall from the temple.
Byzantine Jerusalem
This was a time where the Jews were banned from Jerusalem by the Romans and the Christians took over control of the city. Jerusalem is an important city to Christians because Jesus comes and goes in Jerusalem and the Galilee. Paul goes on his missionary journeys through Turkey and to Rome. A sect from Judaism breaks off and becomes its own religion called Christianity. This new faith originated in Jerusalem but became centered in Rome. In early Christianity Jesus was a Jew and the people that saw Jesus as Messiah thought themselves to be Jews. Christianity rejected the temple. After Christianity becomes its own religion there is obvious conflict between Judaism and Christianity. The rejection of the temple begins with Jesus’ prophecy of the destruction of the temple. This prophecy gives the idea that faith is mobile. After the center of Christianity became Rome, the Christian council came to Jerusalem to hash out which rules and laws from Judaism the Christians were going to keep. In early Christianity there was a question of whether Jerusalem was important. In John 4:19-26, Jesus declares that a time will come when people don’t need to worship god in Jerusalem. Jerusalem is important to Christians because this was the place where Jesus was crucified, buried and resurrected. When the Romans ruled Jerusalem they changed the name of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina.
In 285 CE emperor Diocletian split between east and west creating the tetrarchy. Maxim was the leader of the west. Later Constantine the Great takes control of the entire empire and gets rid of the tetrarchy in 312-337 BCE. In 330 BCE Constantine makes Constantinople the capital. Constantine appointed his mother Helena as Augustas. She made a church to commemorate the burning bush, the holy sepulcher. The holy sepulcher became the axis mundi.
Julian tries to rebuild the temple. He rejected Christianity. The emperor names Christianity the state religion and Jerusalem becomes a Christian empire. The emperor Justinian expands Jerusalem and builds the new church. The church is called the church of holy zion. He also expanded the Cardo.
This was interesting for me because I never learned about Christian Jerusalem in Jewish day school. They never gave us an in depth history about this period.
In 285 CE emperor Diocletian split between east and west creating the tetrarchy. Maxim was the leader of the west. Later Constantine the Great takes control of the entire empire and gets rid of the tetrarchy in 312-337 BCE. In 330 BCE Constantine makes Constantinople the capital. Constantine appointed his mother Helena as Augustas. She made a church to commemorate the burning bush, the holy sepulcher. The holy sepulcher became the axis mundi.
Julian tries to rebuild the temple. He rejected Christianity. The emperor names Christianity the state religion and Jerusalem becomes a Christian empire. The emperor Justinian expands Jerusalem and builds the new church. The church is called the church of holy zion. He also expanded the Cardo.
This was interesting for me because I never learned about Christian Jerusalem in Jewish day school. They never gave us an in depth history about this period.
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